[SSD] Micron B0KB TLC 384Gb

L06B是MLC產品的代號，採用ONFI 4.0標準，Die Size 32GB，16k Page Size，使用4-plane設計，雖然會帶來額外的延時，但同時也提供了比目前常見的2-plane設計快閃記憶體高1倍的讀寫輸送量，快閃記憶體壽命是5000 P/E。
B0KB則是TLC產品的代號，由於是同一晶片所以許多東西都是L06B一樣，當然容量、性能與壽命什麼的肯定不同，Die Size 48GB，快閃記憶體壽命是1500 P/E，由於是TLC所以需要ECC標準是更高的LDPC。


進一步瞭解到，美光3D NAND分別為L06B和B0KB，其中
L06B容量為256Gb（32GB），MLC架構設計。
B0KB容量為384Gb（48GB），是TLC產品，所以採用了ECC糾錯能力較高的LDPC提高NAND Flash的耐用性，而美光MX300系列SSD正是採用的型號為B0KB的3D TLC NAND。
[cid:image001.png@01D2E8EF.11731C30]



美光2016年在新加坡的Fab10實現了32層3D NAND的量產，型號分別是32GB （L06B MLC）和48GB（B0KB TLC），也是除原廠3D SSD之外，市場上品牌3D SSD的主要貨源之一。

[cid:image003.png@01D2E8EE.A2F918E0]

美光Fab工廠分佈和投產情況
[cid:image004.png@01D2E8EE.A2F918E0]

ref：https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/digital/l6e859.html
ref:http://www.chinaflashmarket.com/Producer/micron/News/156816
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[DDR] DRAM, DDR, MT/s, GT/s

 

DRAM 全名 Dynamic Random-Access Memory

SDRAM 全名為同步動態隨機存取記憶體（Synchronous DRAM），SDRAM 的特性是讓 DRAM 內部的工作時脈和主機板同步，以此提高存取的速度。

 

DDR 則是雙倍數據率（Double Data Rate），藉由 DDR 的技術，將一個工作時脈切分成兩份，就像是原本要一分鐘才能完成一份工作，藉由將 1 分鐘分成兩個 30 秒，並在這兩個 30 秒內完成工作，就能在相同的時間內完成兩倍的工作量。大幅提升資料傳輸的速度。

 

 

目前市場上的產品有 DDR3-1600 以及 DDR4-2133 等。其中，DDR3-1600 中的 1600 代表什麼？在記憶體規格中，有一個用來衡量記憶體傳輸速度的單位元，MT/s。MT/s 為 MegaTransfers per Second 的縮寫，意思是在一秒內可傳輸幾次資料。因此 DDR3-1600 便代表該產品具有 1600MT/s 的效能。

 

1 MT/s(megatransfers per second),1秒10的6次.

1 GT/s(gigatransfers per second),1秒10的9次.

 

但是，MT/s 這個單位僅用於記憶體效能中，要將其轉換成常見的 Gbps。Gbps 是用來衡量每秒鐘有多少資料傳輸，像是 4G 行動上網的速度、硬碟傳輸等皆是以此做速度快慢的衡量。1600MT/s 只需乘上 DDR3 的記憶體線寬 64bit，便是 102.4Gbps。要乘上線寬是因為 MT/s 只代表一秒可傳輸幾次資料，一次傳輸的資料量則是由線寬決定。因此，DDR3 後面所接的數字便代表著該記憶體的傳輸效率。

 

資料傳輸速率: Channel width (bits/transfer) × transfers/second = bits transferred/second

 

 

 

Ref:

http://technews.tw/2015/10/10/ram-memory-storage/

 

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[Linux] .a / .so / .la 函式庫的差異

Linux 的 .a / .so / .la 函式庫的差異

Linux 的 *.a / .so / .la 在下述位置可以參考看看(Debian): (沒有在路徑內的應該是沒裝此 Library)

§  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ 有 *.a, *.so

§  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ImageMagick-6.7.7/modules-Q16/coders/ 有 *.la

§  /lib/modules/3.2.0-4-amd64/kernel/net/wireless/*.ko

Linux 的 .a / .so / .la 函式庫的差異

下述參考自此篇: Linux 下 .a / .so / .la 函式庫區別

§  .o (obj file) 是目標物件函式庫, 等同於 Windows 的 .obj

§  .a 為靜態函式庫, 可以是 一個 或 多個 .o 合在一起, 用於靜態連結

§  .la 為 libtool 生成的共享函式庫, 其實是個設定的檔案. 可以用 file 代替

§  .la 可用 vi 來查看

§  .so 為動態函式庫, 類似 Windows 的 DLL(Dynamic-link library)檔.

§  補充: 還有一種附檔名為 .ko 的檔案, 不過它是 Linux 核心使用的動態連結文件, 屬於模組程式, 用來在 Linux 系統啟動時, 加掛核心模組用.

.o, .a, .so, .la 如何產生

§  建立 .o
$ gcc -c test.c

§  建立 .a
$ ar -r libtest.a test1.o test2.o

§  建立動態函式庫 .so
$ gcc -Wall -fpic -shared test1.c test2.c -o libtest.so

§  鍊結函式庫
$ gcc -Wall -fpic -shared -Ltest test3.c -o libtest.so

§  建立 .la, .la 一般會使用 Makefile 產生, 可以透過下述命令產生:
$ libtool --mode=link gcc -o libmylib.la -rpath /usr/lib –L/usr/lib –la

 

 

 

Ref:

https://blog.longwin.com.tw/2013/03/linux-a-so-la-library-diff-2013/

 

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[DOS] ConEmu，多分頁的DOS模式軟體

 

1.         Setting

2.         Startup

3.         Command line

4.         設定cmd.exe

 

 

 

 

l   New Console tab

 

 

 

 

REF：

https://conemu.github.io/

 

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[python] 'cp950' , illegal , UnicodeEncodeError

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "D:\3S_PC\python\3S_AUTO\FileStudy.py", line 521, in <module>

    parseXML(xmlPath)

  File "D:\3S_PC\python\3S_AUTO\FileStudy.py", line 496, in parseXML

    print ('{}, Unexpected error:{}'.format(testName, sys.exc_info()))

UnicodeEncodeError: 'cp950' codec can't encode character '\xf1' in position 215: illegal multibyte sequence

 

 

原因：

使用 windows cmd print時會轉碼為cp950，但python使用unicode

 

 

 

SOL：

    try:

        for item in sortlistFileInfo3:       

            if (len(item) == 4):

                print('{:<10d},{:<10d},{:<10d},{:45s},{}'.format(nIndex,

                    item[0],

                    item[1],

                    item[2].encode("utf8").decode("cp950", "ignore"),

                    item[3].encode("utf8").decode("cp950", "ignore")))

            else:

                print('!!!{:<10d},{}'.format(nIndex, item))       

            nIndex += 1   

    except:

        print ('Show listFile3, Unexpected error:{}'.format(sys.exc_info()))

 

 

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[python] format

它有着丰富的的"格式限定符"（语法是{}中带:号），比如：

填充与对齐
填充常跟对齐一起使用
^、<、>分别是居中、左对齐、右对齐，后面带宽度
:号后面带填充的字符，只能是一个字符，不指定的话默认是用空格填充
比如

In [15]: '{:>8}'.format('189')

Out[15]: '     189'

In [16]: '{:0>8}'.format('189')

Out[16]: '00000189'

In [17]: '{:a>8}'.format('189')

Out[17]: 'aaaaa189'

精度与类型f
精度常跟类型f一起使用

In [44]: '{:.2f}'.format(321.33345)

Out[44]: '321.33'

其中.2表示长度为2的精度，f表示float类型。

其他类型
主要就是进制了，b、d、o、x分别是二进制、十进制、八进制、十六进制。

In [54]: '{:b}'.format(17)

Out[54]: '10001'

In [55]: '{:d}'.format(17)

Out[55]: '17'

In [56]: '{:o}'.format(17)

Out[56]: '21'

In [57]: '{:x}'.format(17)

Out[57]: '11'

用，号还能用来做金额的千位分隔符。

In [47]: '{:,}'.format(1234567890)

Out[47]: '1,234,567,890'

 

 

Ref:

http://blog.csdn.net/handsomekang/article/details/9183303

 

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[C++] Enumerating All Processes, unresolved external symbol _GetModuleBaseNameW

#pragma comment(lib, "Psapi.lib")
#include "psapi.h"

void CdlgSSDMP::PrintProcessNameAndID( DWORD processID )
{
TCHAR szProcessName[MAX_PATH] = TEXT("<unknown>");

// Get a handle to the process.

HANDLE hProcess = OpenProcess( PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION |
PROCESS_VM_READ,
FALSE, processID );

// Get the process name.

if (NULL != hProcess )
{
HMODULE hMod;
DWORD cbNeeded;

if ( EnumProcessModules( hProcess, &hMod, sizeof(hMod),
&cbNeeded) )
{
GetModuleBaseName( hProcess, hMod, szProcessName,
sizeof(szProcessName)/sizeof(TCHAR) );
}
}

// Print the process name and identifier.

_tprintf( TEXT("%s (PID: %u)\n"), szProcessName, processID );

// Release the handle to the process.

CloseHandle( hProcess );
}


REF:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms682623(v=vs.85).aspx
https://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/623ba3e3-7c47-4cf0-80e8-9262f3b47e52/enumprocesses-issue?forum=Vsexpressvc
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